Physics Calculators & Tools

Calculate force using F = ma, weight (mg), Hooke’s law (kx), friction (μN), centripetal force (mv²/r), and more.

Calculate mechanical power from work and time.

Calculate momentum (p = mv), impulse (J = Ft), change in momentum, or solve collisions with conservation of momentum.

Calculate impulse (J = Ft), average collision force, impact duration, or change in momentum using the impulse–momentum theorem.

Calculate torque (τ = Fr sinθ), find required force, lever arm, or angle. Convert between N·m, lb·ft, kgf·m.

Calculate pendulum period, frequency, length, gravity, oscillation timing, or compare periods on different planets.

Calculate SHM period, frequency, displacement, velocity, acceleration, energy, and KE/PE split for spring and pendulum oscillations.

Calculate pendulum period, frequency, angular frequency, max velocity, energy, and oscillation timing with large-angle correction.

Calculate speed from distance and time.

Find velocity with direction from displacement and time interval.

Calculate acceleration from velocity change, distance, force, or kinematic equations. Find final velocity, distance, and time.

Calculate distance traveled using speed and time.

Calculate projectile range, max height, time of flight, launch speed, angle, and elevated launch trajectory.

Calculate free fall time, distance, impact velocity, max height for upward throws, and compare gravity between planets.

Calculate force (F = ma), mass (m = F/a), or acceleration (a = F/m) using Newton’s second law of motion.

Find the weight of an object from its mass and gravitational acceleration.

Calculate static friction, kinetic friction, inclined plane friction, coefficient of friction, normal force, or force to start motion.

Calculate centripetal force, acceleration, speed, radius, or mass for circular motion. Supports angular velocity and RPM.

Apply Newton's law of universal gravitation between two masses.

Calculate work done using W = Fd, W = Fd cos(θ), work–energy theorem, W = Pt, or W = mgh with formula steps.

Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv². Solve for energy, mass, velocity, or momentum with formula steps.

Calculate gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh. Solve for energy, mass, height, or gravity with planetary comparison.

Relate net work to the change in kinetic energy of an object.

Calculate elastic potential energy stored in a spring using U = ½kx². Solve for energy, spring constant, displacement, or force.

Calculate foot-pounds of energy from grains and velocity, convert FPE to joules, or solve for velocity and mass.

Calculate impact energy from mass and velocity or drop height. Estimate average impact force from stopping distance or time.

Calculate power-to-weight ratio (PWR = P/m) in W/kg, hp/lb, kW/tonne. Find required power or maximum mass.

Calculate work, force, or distance using the formula W = Fd with unit conversions and formula steps.

Calculate total mechanical energy (ME = KE + PE), solve for velocity or height using conservation of energy.

Calculate spring constant using k = F/x (Hooke’s law). Find spring force, displacement, or elastic PE.

Calculate power from force and velocity using P = Fv or P = Fv cos(θ). Solve for force, velocity, or average power.

Determine the mechanical advantage of simple machines.

Calculate the efficiency of energy conversion systems.

Convert between horsepower, watts, and kilowatts.

Calculate wave speed from frequency and wavelength.

Determine frequency from period or wave speed and wavelength.

Find wavelength from wave speed and frequency.

Calculate the time period of a wave from its frequency.

Convert frequency to wavelength using λ = v/f for light, sound, RF, and custom wave speeds.

Convert wavelength to frequency using f = v/λ for optics, RF, sound, and custom speeds.

Calculate wavelength, frequency, wave speed, photon energy, and classify electromagnetic spectrum bands.

Apply Ohm's law to find voltage, current, or resistance.

Calculate electrical power in watts from voltage, current, or resistance.

Calculate electrical power, voltage, current, resistance, or energy with power formulas.

Calculate voltage, current, resistance, power, energy, charge, and time.

Calculate electrostatic force, charge, or distance between point charges.

Read resistor color codes, calculate series, parallel, and wire resistance.

Calculate electric field strength, force, charge, or distance.

Calculate electric potential, charge, distance, potential energy, or work.

Calculate resistivity, wire resistance, conductor dimensions, or conductivity.

Calculate conductance, resistance, conductivity, current, or voltage.

Calculate equivalent resistance for two or more resistors in parallel.

Find equivalent resistance for mixed series-parallel resistor networks.

Calculate the current-limiting resistor for LED circuits with standard resistor recommendations.

Calculate output voltage, resistor values, and loaded divider behavior.

Calculate how current splits across parallel resistor branches.

Apply KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents, voltages, and single-loop circuits.

Check bridge balance, find unknown resistance, and calculate output voltage.

Calculate capacitance, charge, voltage, stored energy, and parallel-plate capacitance.

Find equivalent capacitance for capacitors in series or parallel.

Calculate capacitance, area, separation, or permittivity for a parallel-plate capacitor.

Calculate RC time constant, charging voltage, discharging voltage, charge, current, energy, and time to target.

Calculate energy stored in a capacitor from capacitance, voltage, or charge.

Calculate voltage drop, load voltage, drop percentage, conductor resistance, and power loss.

Calculate capacitive reactance, capacitance, frequency, AC current, or voltage.

Calculate inductance, inductor voltage, current change rate, energy, or solenoid inductance.

Calculate energy stored in an inductor from inductance and current.

Calculate inductive reactance, inductance, frequency, AC current, or voltage.

Calculate AC impedance for series RC, RL, and RLC circuits with phase angle and power factor.

Calculate RC time constant, cutoff frequency, resistance, capacitance, and voltage.

Calculate RL time constant, current rise, current decay, inductance, and resistance.

Analyze RC transient charging/discharging, time constants, and low-pass/high-pass filter response.

Calculate series RLC impedance, current, voltage drops, resonant frequency, Q factor, and bandwidth.

Calculate LC/RLC resonant frequency, find L or C for target resonance, Q factor, and bandwidth.

Calculate RC high-pass filter cutoff frequency, gain, phase, and output voltage at any frequency.

Calculate RC low-pass filter cutoff frequency, gain, phase, and output voltage at any frequency.

Calculate RC or RL cutoff frequency, find components for target cutoff, and compare filter types.

Calculate power factor, phase angle, real/reactive/apparent power for single and three-phase AC circuits.

Convert kVA to kW, kW to kVA, and calculate power factor for single and three-phase systems.

Convert kW to kVA, kVA to kW, and calculate power factor for single and three-phase systems.

Calculate battery runtime from capacity and current, energy, duty cycle, and efficiency.

Calculate required battery capacity, Ah/Wh conversions, runtime, and duty-cycle sizing.

Decode 3-digit, 4-digit, EIA-96, and R-notation SMD resistor codes or encode resistance values.

Convert dBm to watts, watts to dBm, milliwatts, dBW, and RMS voltage with impedance.

Convert joules, kWh, BTU, therms, calories, electronvolts, and other energy units.

Calculate the force on a charge moving through a magnetic field.

Determine magnetic flux through a surface area.

Calculate the magnetic field inside a solenoid.

Apply the thin lens equation to find focal length, object, or image distance.

Use the mirror equation for concave and convex mirrors.

Calculate magnification from image and object distances or heights.

Calculate telescope and microscope angular resolution using Rayleigh criterion, Dawes’ limit, and Abbe diffraction limit.

Calculate circular, annular, and rectangular aperture areas, light-gathering ratios, and magnitude differences.

Calculate apparent distance, exit pupil, twilight factor, relative brightness, horizon distance, and field of view for binoculars.

Calculate Brewster’s angle, find refractive index from polarization angle, and analyze s/p-polarization reflectance.

Convert spectacle prescriptions to contact lens power using vertex distance compensation with clinical rounding.

Calculate diffraction angles, wavelengths, grating spacing, resolving power, angular dispersion, and screen positions using the grating equation.

Calculate refractive index, light speed in media, optical path length, wavelength in medium, relative index, and critical angle.

Convert between focal length and diopters, combine thin or separated lenses, calculate reading additions, and classify lens power.

Calculate horizon distance from height, curvature drop, dip angle, refraction correction, two-object visibility, and planetary horizons.

Calculate curvature drop, hidden height, bulge, line-of-sight distance, and refraction-adjusted curvature values.

Calculate focal length, refractive index, surface radii, optical power, and classify lens shapes using the Lens Maker's equation.

Calculate laser beam divergence, Gaussian beam propagation, Rayleigh range, M² beam quality, and spot size at distance.

Calculate focused spot size, beam waist, power density, beam area, and Rayleigh range for laser applications.

Calculate expansion ratio, output diameter, divergence reduction, and design Galilean or Keplerian beam expanders.

Calculate laser brightness (radiance), beam parameter product, irradiance, compare lasers, and M²-corrected brightness.

Convert between frequency linewidth and wavelength bandwidth, calculate coherence time, coherence length, Q factor, and spectral purity.

Convert between lumens, lux, candela, and footcandles. Calculate illumination at distance, beam angle effects, and light output requirements.

Convert between lux (SI) and foot-candles (imperial) for lighting design and building code compliance.

Calculate polarized light intensity using Malus's law. Find transmitted intensity, polarizer angle, or transmission coefficient.

Calculate image distance, object distance, focal length, and magnification for concave and convex mirrors.

Convert between optical density (OD), transmission %, and attenuation factor for filters, laser safety, and spectroscopy.

Calculate radar line-of-sight distance with Earth curvature and atmospheric refraction k-factor.

Calculate refraction angle, incident angle, refractive index, and critical angle using Snell's law with TIR detection.

Calculate light speed in any medium, travel time, and distances. Supports astronomical units (AU, ly, pc) and refractive index.

Calculate true field of view from AFOV or field stop. Plan which eyepiece frames celestial objects.

Calculate magnification, exit pupil, and useful magnification range for any telescope and eyepiece setup.

Calculate quarter-wave AR coating thickness, ideal coating index, and residual reflectance for optical coatings.

Solve the thin lens equation for image distance, focal length, magnification, and image characterization.

Calculate heat energy using mass, specific heat, and temperature change.

Find the specific heat capacity of a material.

Solve ideal gas problems using pressure, volume, temperature, and moles.

Calculate peak wavelength (Wien), total radiated power (Stefan-Boltzmann), stellar luminosity, spectral radiance (Planck), and photon energy.

Convert between mass and energy using Einstein's famous equation.

Calculate the energy of a photon from its frequency or wavelength.

Find the de Broglie wavelength of a particle from its momentum.

Calculate Bragg diffraction angle, d-spacing, wavelength, diffraction order, and generate XRD peak tables.

Convert meters, kilometers, centimeters, inches, feet, yards, miles, nautical miles, and astronomical units.

Convert kilograms, grams, pounds, ounces, stones, tons, troy ounces, and atomic mass units.

Convert liters, milliliters, cubic meters, US and UK gallons, cups, cubic feet, and barrels.

Convert square meters, square feet, acres, hectares, square inches, barns, and circular mils.

Convert Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine, Réaumur, and historical temperature scales.

Convert between Pascal, atm, bar, PSI, Torr, mmHg, and water-column pressure units.

Convert watts, kilowatts, horsepower, BTU per hour, tons of refrigeration, volt-amperes, and more.

Convert seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, years, decades, sidereal time, Planck time, and more.

Convert m/s, km/h, mph, knots, Mach, speed of sound, speed of light, and reference speeds.

Convert degrees, radians, gradians, arcminutes, arcseconds, turns, mils, and DMS angles.

Convert mpg US, mpg UK, km/L, L/100 km, miles per liter, and nautical fuel efficiency units.